Example: The radius r is 60 inches and the height h is 8 inches. Advertising Center Print map Download map. Øᵣᴾ: diameteral basis of involute curve
© Copyright 2000 - 2020, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com All rights reserved The ideal material for this application is therefore SAE 1120 with a carburised case of C: 0.85%, the depth of which is normally about:
Clear All Clear Last Point Edit Circle Draw a Circle. This calculator is designed to follow the recommendations of the ANSI standard B6.1-1968, R-1974. You will find further reading on this subject in reference publications(2 & 3), The maximum additional phosphorus of 0.04% in SAE grade 1120 (SAE Special Carbon Steels) will add 2.4ksi (0.04% x 6ksi) giving a minimum specified yield for the core material of 35.4 < 67.4 ksi, This is only true if material quality is maintained, For smaller diametric pitch values (<6) it is normally preferable to use 25°, otherwise either 20° or 25° is acceptable, Remember to equalise the relative axis dimensions of your spreadsheet chart (measure them with a ruler) before saving the chart to disk. c) pressure angle (θ), and...
Web Machinist Mobile Pro App has many cnc programming calculators for CNC Machinists, Programmers and QC Inspectors. 12 < T < 20. Find the length of the chord c. Example: If c = 16, and h = 6 inches, what is the radius of the circle of which the segment is a part? Untreated: Together with the recommended carbon (C) content of 0.25% to 0.5% and the preferred manganese (Mn) content of between 0.5% & 0.8%, currently available SAE carbon steel grades are 1126, 1138, 1140, 1145 and 1151. a: addendum {top half of tooth - outside pitch diameter}
Addendum; Fᴬ = 1.0
Note: With this tool, you can know the radius of a circle anywhere on Google Maps by simply clicking on a single point and extending or moving the circle to change the radius on the Map. They dissipate rapidly with depth (through the material). Quickly and easily calculate the G Code needed to program corner radius and fillet radius on a cnc lathe. Your parts are receiving the most positive feedback possible. Should you genuinely need to adopt a non-standard diametric pitch for your pinion-gear assembly that results in an unacceptable tooth profile, it may be possible to correct any shape peculiarities by altering the addendum and/or dedendum factors (Fᴬ and Fᴰ respectively). LinkedIn. Whilst a solution to this problem could be to machine the sides of the lower portion of the teeth with parallel sides (Fig 3), care should be taken when employing this modification to the tooth profile as it may result in excessive tip wear of the mating teeth if the rolling action is compromised. You can then copy, paste and orientate each tooth according to its angular pitch, join them together and produce a complete or part gear⁽⁴⁾. Free cutting carbon steel also has the added advantage of increased strength due to its phosphorus content. b) total number of teeth (n), and...
Followed by four FEA models of the spline using different numbers of teeth. Quickly and easily calculate the G Code needed to program corner radius and fillet radius on a CNC Lathe Radius Calculators, Bolt Circle Calculator, Wheel Bolt Pattern Calculators, IncludingUse our square footage calculator to work out the total area of square feet and meters for flooring, landscaping, carpets, tiling or construction projects. Select one of the values provided in the ‘Diametric Pitch’ drop-box. Set the addendum factor (Fᴬ) to 1.0
≤20°) its teeth may be wasted at the root making them weak. Share . tᴾ: pinion [plate] thickness (tooth width)
Fillet Weld Assembly Criteria: The parts to be joined by fillet welds shall be brought into as close a contact as practicable. Sizing
The following is a reasonable ‘rule-of-thumb’ material/treatment selection procedure:
To develop the full strength of a plate using fillet welds, it is necessary that the leg size of the fillet be 3/4 of the plate thickness. θ: angle between the tangent at pitch diameter and the line of pressure on the tooth contact surface
Its specification generally requires the following minimum information (Fig 1):
Pinion Data:
The basic rack fillet radius must be reduced for teeth with a 25-degree pressure angle having a clearance in excess of 0.250/P. I assume you don't necessarily want to Fillet to the maximum possible radius automatically, but want to specify. Note: no extra allowance shown for flanging or slip joints. Area Calculation f) shaft diameter (including key dimensions), If your pinion has non-standard tooth heights, you will also need to state the factor(s) to be applied to the addendum and/or dedendum. Download the Create Fillet Example F. B. I. Radius milling uses a 2D Contour-like toolpath to produce an external fillet. Whilst you’re not limited to the ANSI standard’s recognised values, as intermediate pitches are perfectly acceptable from an operational and performance perspective, you may encounter problems with general interchangeability. is there any standard formula for root fillet radius for DIN 3960 ? SAE 4615, 4620: Nickel based, low carbon steel alloys (high ductility)
RPMᴾ: rotational velocity applied to pinion
If the teeth are pre-shaved, ground or cut with square tipped cutters, the dedendum factor (‘Fᴰ’) should be increased to 1.35 or even 1.4. If you want to order a worktop featuring radius corners, we recommend the use of our Online Bespoke Worktop Tool. "Our mission is to provide the construction industry with a tool to save time and money through simplicity when dealing with complex formulas and calculations in the field." Twitter. You should size your pinion and its teeth to suit the recommended materials for gear wheel manufacture, e.g. Web Machinist Mobile Pro App has many cnc programming calculators for CNC Machinists, Programmers and QC Inspectors. 0.01ins for a gear under low loading conditions
This tool makes it incredibly easy to design, price and order … A rack is a gear-wheel of infinite radius, in other words; straight. Dedendum; Fᴰ = 1.25, See Hobbed Teeth vs Shaved or Ground Teeth below. This also includes Web Machinist mobile Pro. Øᵢᴳ: diameter at bottom of root radius of tooth
In both cases, the radius of the circle is equal to its x coordinate. The design standard ‘ANSI B6.1’ provides a list of recognised diametric pitches, the coarsest being ‘π÷10’ and the least coarse being 20. SAE 9310: High nickel & high chromium based, very low carbon steel alloy (high strength high ductility), The preferred carbon steels for cast gears are SAE 0022 and SAE 0055 both of which can be hardened by carburising. Reddit. The Create Fillet Tool lets a user pick two LineElement primitives. CalQlata would recommend selecting a conditional grade somewhere in the middle of the two, e.g. The radius size for your worktop should therefore be 270mm. In the general case, you have two circles, one centered at (x 1, y 1) with radius r 1, and the other centered at (x 2, y 2) with radius r 2, and you want a fillet of radius r. The idea of the fillet is that it connects the two circles with a circular arc, meeting the other circles tangentially. Keep units consistent when making calculations. In such a case, you should first attempt to achieve the desired result by modifying the two factors equally (normally reducing them by the same amount). c The fillet radius of the basic rack should not exceed 0.235/P for a 20-degree pressure angle rack or 0.270/P for a 25-degree pressure angle rack for a clearance of 0.157/P. There should be no relative sliding (abrasion) as this will cause excessive wear. • The location of the maximum stress in the fillet radius is determined in degrees. Downloads 2) If bearing stress is higher than bending stress (1.2xσᴾ < σᴮ ≤ 2xσᴾ), you should use through hardenable steel
Radius Calculator; Flatbar Hardway Calculator; Pipe or Tube Ovality Calculator; Stringer Calculator; Metric Conversion Calculator; Cone Calculator; TESTIMONIALS "A big thank you to your team. Disclaimer Keep units consistent when making calculations. Set the pressure angle (θ) to 20° or 25° ⁽³⁾
5 DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS AWS D1.1:2000 2.4.2.3 Minimum Length. 2. Web thickness: The vertical section of steel I beam is called web, and the thickness of the web is called web thickne… All pinions and gear wheels are specified by defining the total number of teeth relative to the pitch diameter of the pinion or gear; the larger the number, the smaller the relative tooth height or the finer the pitch specification. Preferred pressure angles (according to ANSI B6.1) are 20° and 25°, although they do recognise other angles for specialist applications. Set the dedendum factor (Fᴰ) to 1.25, All other input data should be completed according to your requirements. Engineering Book Store Gear Data:
rᶠ: fillet radius at root of tooth
Flange width: The width of the flanges is called flange width. Given that milling and hobbing requires the use of preformed tools and that these are expensive and that it is unlikely you will not have a tool for exactly the correct profile for pinion and gear, it is acceptable (for one-off assemblies) to use close approximations. The higher the grade, the harder the steel will be. At PI/2, the circle is vanishingly small. The profile of helical gears are exactly the same as straight-cut gears but rotated through the helical angle. mm. 8. The gear calculator has been designed to help you optimise standard and non-standard spur gear configurations. Engineering Forum There is only one calculation option in this calculator and all variations for straight-cut or spur gear wheels are possible within it. 1/8c. The fillet profile and, as a result, bending stress are also depended on the cutter radial clearance and tip radius. Spandrel or Fillet / Tube Surface Area Equation: Area Equation and Calculation Menu. If your pinion or gear has a small diametric pitch (e.g. The size of the bend is H = 600mm, W = 400mm and the throat radius R = 200 mm. F. B. I. Flange thickness: Top and bottom horizontal plate-like sections of an I-beam are called flangen. You simply copy and paste the lists into your preferred spreadsheet and use its chart generation procedure to draw them. Likes: 0. If you state the properties of the pinion and the rotational ratio, your gear wheel may be designed fully with no further information, assuming it has the same thickness as the pinion. University of Tulsa, utulsa.edu “Shoulder-fillet stresses finesse,” Jan. 8, 2009. The range of t is between some minimum angle and PI/2. Description: The Starrett telescoping gauge set of six precision tools is designed for internal measurements of holes or slots in the six different ranges like 8mm to 13mm, 13mm to 19mm, 19mm to 32mm, 32mm to 54mm, 54mm to 89mm and 89mm to 150mm. SAE 8615, 8620: Nickel & chromium based, low carbon steel alloys (high hardness low ductility)
At the minimum angle, the y value is equal to the opposite radius. whether the root fillet radius was the reason for failure using analytical and FEA models. Øᴾ: pitch diameter of tooth
Your parts are receiving the most positive feedback possible. It calculates the maximum possible fillet radius for those objects, notifies the User what that is, asks them to specify a radius, and then Fillets the objects using their specified radius. Input in inches and it'll output in inches. mm. document.write(''); in. It is expected that the bearing stress calculated in GEARS, which is based upon ‘cam’ and ‘follower’ principle, should be accurate within ±10%. CalQlata's Hardness Conversion calculator may be used to convert between various hardness scales. Your company has new fans here." 5. Therefore all input dimensions must be in imperial units (lbf, ins and hp) as requested in the calculator. 3. tᶜᴾ: circumferential thickness of tooth at pitch diameter
Whilst you are free to use any material you like for a gear or pinion, even today, the best material for these applications remains carbon steel and alloys thereof. As the strength of the recommended gear-material is between 33<65 ksi⁽¹⁾ for case hardened steels (Special Carbon Steels; 1120 & Plain Carbon Steels; 1020) and it is normal to impose a material utilisation factor of 0.5 to accommodate impact loads, when sizing your gear; you should alter your diametric pitch (Pᵈ) and number of teeth (nᴾ), along with pinion thickness (tᴾ), until you achieve a bending stress (σᴾ) somewhere between 16.5 and 32.5 ksi⁽¹⁾, Bearing stress (σᴮ) only applies to the surface of the material. Gears. Facebook. After producing this chart, you can save the chart to disk as an ‘emf’ file (enhanced metafile), reload it into your preferred graphics package, ‘ungroup’ or ‘open’ the metafile and delete all but the tooth profile lines. Some typical configurations are shown in Fig 2. The actual cut dimension will probably be more Calculate the area, circumference, radius and diameter of circles. 1875 radius. Minimum fillet weld sizes. αᴳ: angular rotation of 'Rᴳ' from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴳ'
yᴾ: vertical distance from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴾ'
Beam depth: The height between the top and bottom surface of the steel I beam is called beam depth. Basically if you have an object 2mm wide and you want to fillet both edges so it is perfectly rounded on top you would normally use half the width for the radius of fillet. Through Hardened: Together with the recommended carbon (C) content of 0.4% to 0.5% and the preferred manganese (Mn) content of between 0.4% & 0.7% the only currently available SAE carbon steel grades are 1140 and 1145, Recommended alloy steel grades:
The gear is the driven (output) wheel and has the same tooth height and pitch as the pinion. a) pitch diameter (Pᵈ), and...
RPMᴳ: angular velocity. σᴮ: maximum bearing (or contact) stress on tooth surface
Map Radius Calculator. With the final datapoint, the fillet is added to the DGN model. Gear Calculator – Technical Help. Whilst the calculated bending stress (σ₁ᴾ) in the tooth is as accurate as possible, bearing stress (σ₂ᴾ) is not so accurate. Given that you have decided on using a free-cutting carbon steel (see SAE Special Carbon Steels, 11XX) for the pinion, the maximum permissible bending stress (σᴾ) must be less than or equal to the minimum specified yield stress for the material modified by a suitable utilisation factor. Fˢ: radial force separating pinion and gear (pushing their shafts apart)
As such, its involute curve is also infinite (straight). Changing the fillet radius affects subsequent fillets. σᴳ: maximum bending stress in tooth
From the SAE Plain Carbon Steels table it can be seen that the hardness associated with this yield stress is between BHN 229 (SAE 1066) and BHN 224 (SAE 1095) along with the associated carbon content between 0.7% and 0.9%. Radius. DFM DFA Training 3) If bearing stress is similar to bending stress (σᴮ < 1.2xσᴾ), you should use untreated steel, It is never a good idea to over-design gears for the following reasons:
Diagrams and Calculator Inputs: Shaft Shoulder Fillet Diameter D = Groove Depth t = Groove Radius r = Shaft Diameter d = D - 2t: Stress Concentration Factors: Input data: D = 100 mm t = 10 mm r = 10 mm Answer 1.64 2.57 Note that the stress concentration factors are calculated from experimental data using curve fitting, so only two decimal places are given. T < 1/4. The thickness of the flanges is called the flange thickness. However, according to the standard a diametric pitch of 20 may treated as both coarse and fine. Øₒᴾ: outside diameter of tooth
Various standards and papers are compared for the observed failure, using relations from a study by Yoshitake and equation from the standard by SAE. 1) If bearing stress is considerably higher than bending stress (σᴮ > 2xσᴾ), you should use case hardenable steel
SAE 4130, 4140: Chromium based, medium carbon steel alloy (very high strength)
Circular Ring: Example: Let the outside diameter D = 12 centimeters and the inside diameter d = 8 centimeters Find the area of the ring. wᴳ: circumferential width of land on top of tooth
If the bearing stress in your gear teeth exceeds the minimum yield strength of the surface material ‘flats’ will appear at the contact surface, the width of which will increase with the intensity of the over-stress. rᴳ: profile radius of tooth (involute curve)
Refer to the Catenary technical help page for a plotting procedure using Microsoft’s Excel spreadsheet. This also includes Web Machinist mobile Pro. Øᵣᴳ: diameteral basis of involute curve
Whilst it is normally wise to select a value somewhere between the minimum and maximum limits recommended in the ANSI standard (π÷10 ≤ Pᵈ ≤ 120) you can of course enter any value you like in the ‘Diametric Pitch’ text-box taking care to ensure that the value entered does not result in badly wasted teeth (see Drawing Your Gear Teeth below). Helical gears are used to facilitate gear engagement and disengagement with minimal baulking, noise and or damage. The following is the Spandrel or Fillet Surface Area. GD&T Training Geometric Dimensioning Tolerancing The standard radial clearances usually are 0.25/P or 0.20/P+0.002”, where P is the standard diametral pitch. The involute curve is based upon the pinion and gear ‘base diameters’ (Øᵣᴾ and Øᵣᴳ). Whilst the pitch and tooth depth must be exact, the profile radius may be within 90% of the theoretically correct dimension and the pressure angle should be within 2° in order to minimise operational wear. in. The pinion is the driver (or input) gear wheel fitted to the electric or diesel motor output shaft and provides the rotary movement that will be transferred to the driven gear (wheel). Tᴾ: torque applied at pitch diameter
This is due to the fact that surfaces under high compressive load always deform significantly altering the contact area and therefore the resultant stress. As hardness of carbon steels is directly related to strength and carbon content), once you know the bearing stress, you can predict with reasonable accuracy the associated hardness and therefore the amount of carbon you need in the surface of your material. Base metal thickness (T)a: Minimum size of fillet weldb. Quickly and easily calculate the G Code needed to program corner radius and fillet radius on a cnc lathe. The standard cutter tooth radius for the coarse pitch gears is 0.3/P. For example; If your bending stress is 16.5ksi and your bearing stress is 87.4ksi (Fig 4), as the bearing stress is considerably more than twice the bending stress you should use a case hardenable carbon steel. Tᴳ: torque applied at pitch diameter
AGMA Media Services. // -->, GD&T Training Geometric Dimensioning Tolerancing. The standard's coarsest recognised fine pitch is 24 and their finest is 120. 0.02ins for a gear under normal loading conditions and used occasionally
Radius Bend (Duct) Revision 2.0, August 2014 1.5 Area Calculation for Sheet Size A sample bend for calculation purposes is shown in the figure below. Online Books & Manuals Roots. After applying the utilisation factor (0.8) to the bearing stress, the minimum yield strength of the surface material should be about 110ksi. FILLET SIZE CONVERTER A simple calculator that converts between throat thickness and leg length. This is managed by machining the contact surfaces (sides of the teeth) in the form of an involute curve. Recognize the differences between a full fillet, full circular fillet, flat bottom/corner radius fillet and undercut fillet configuration; You will have 30 days to view the archived webinar. 14½° has been used in the past but is no longer recommended by the standard. Spandrel or Fillet / Tube Surface Area Equation. The principal problems associated with modifying the pressure angles outside the above recommended range of values (20° to 25°) are that:
3c. Click the Variable tab of the Fillet dialog box. 4. Fᶜ: contact force between mating teeth
d) wheel thickness (t), the following additional information is normally also required
yᴳ: vertical distance from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴳ'
1) Large gears consume more power and are less responsive to speed variations than small gears
Notes. nᴳ: number of teeth
d: dedendum {bottom half of tooth - inside pitch diameter}
The two important components of this force are the contact or bearing force (Fᶜ), which will define the surface hardness of the material you require and the separation force (Fˢ) that will define the strength of your shafts. Rᴾ: radial distance from centre of pinion to centre of 'rᴾ'
The fillet is drawn in dynamics, so its size and location changes as the user moves the mouse. Rᴳ: radial distance from centre of pinion to centre of 'rᴳ'
Fᴰ: factor applied to tooth dedendum ('d'), which should be 1 for a standard (full-height tooth), Common to Pinion and Gear:
Therefore, the contact surfaces of the teeth on a rack should be straight (flat) irrespective of the tooth profile of the mating gear. The difference between helical gears and straight-cut gears is largely the fact that torque transfer is less efficient in that there is a third force-component trying to separate the gears laterally as well as radially. We have generated the assembly shown in Fig 5 using ‘Excel’ and ‘Xara’ computer programs. nᴾ: number of teeth
Engineering Videos Click 3D Model tab Modify panel Fillet, In the Fillet dialog box, select Edge Fillet. A fillet weld subject to bending is easily assessed as follows. hᵗ: radial depth of tooth from inside diameter (Øᵢ) to outside diameter (Øₒ)
Access This. 2) The lower the minimum specified yield stress for your body material, the greater its toughness making it more tolerant to abuse⁽²⁾
It assumes a symmetrical, mitre, fillet. tᴳ: gear [plate] thickness (tooth width)
1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500 Alexandria, VA 22314-1587 PH: +1-703-684-0211 FAX: +1-703-684-0242. Training Online Engineering Whilst the pitch and tooth depth must be exact, the profile radius may be within 90% of the theoretically correct dimension and the pressure angle should be within 2° in order to minimise operational wear. Thread Tools. Pᶜ: curvilinear (circumferential) pitch-distance between adjacent teeth at pitch diameter
As pinion and gear rotate, their teeth should ‘roll over’ each other. Both OD and ID radius are supported. | Feedback <6) and a small pressure angle (e.g. Then it uses the code above to calculate a fillet, realised as a circular arc. Only 3 left in stock - order soon. Furthermore, bearing stresses are only valid for the surface of the materials in contact. However, helical gears with little or no backlash will lose much less of the torque transfer than an assembly that allows for relative deflection through backlash. 1. 1/4. Rᵥ: ratio of curvilinear velocity of pinion to gear at their pitch diameters (Øᴾ:Øᴳ)
Assuming the power input and rotational speed are pre-determined, you simply alter your diametric pitch (Pᵈ) and number of teeth (nᴾ), along with pinion thickness (tᴾ), until you achieve an acceptable bending stress (Fig 4), Material Selection
SAE 1075, which has the correct Mn range, ensuring a surface infusion of 0.85% carbon (BHN 231). Fᵗ: tangential force generated from applied torque
Free cutting carbon steel (see Special Carbon Steels > Free Cutting) is preferred for gear wheel manufacture because of its good machining properties as a result of its sulphur content. If the teeth are hobbed or shaped using an accurate cutter the standard dedendum factor (‘Fᴰ’) of 1.25 is preferred as it keeps tooth depth to a minimum thereby minimising bending stresses. If not, it may be possible to correct anomalies by reducing the addendum factor or the dedendum factor only. Pᵈ: number of teeth per unit length at pitch diameter
In the graphics window, select the edge to fillet. Øᵢᴾ: diameter at bottom of root radius of tooth
xᴾ: horizontal distance from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴾ'
0.04ins for a highly loaded gear used frequently, A reasonable rule of thumb is; 0.01 + (1.0E-10 x number of revolutions during its design life) inches of hardness depth. If you set the fillet radius to 0, filleted objects are trimmed or extended until they intersect, but no arc is created. The fillet radius is the radius of the arc that connects filleted objects. Search. Case (or surface) Hardened: Together with the recommended carbon (C) content of 0.15% to 0.25% and the preferred manganese (Mn) content of between 0.4% & 0.7% the only currently available SAE carbon steel grade is 1120. Whilst the output data in this calculator is completely accurate, i.e. 1) The area of the fillet weld A u.. (unit thickness) is calculated assuming the weld is one unit thick.. 2) The (unit) Moment of Inertia I u is calculated assuming the weld is one unit thick.. 3) The maximum shear stress due to bending is determined... τ b = M.y/I u The force on the mating teeth (gear and pinion) is as a result of the torque applied by the pinion (Fᵗ, Fig 1). Fᴬ: factor applied to tooth addendum ('a'), which should be 1 for a standard (full-height tooth)
Both OD and ID radius are supported. xᴳ: horizontal distance from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴳ'
These are listed below the output data in the ‘Data Listing’ window. c: clearance between inside diameter (Øᵢ) of gear or pinion and outside diameter (Øₒ) of mating pinion or gear
For more information on ordering bespoke worktops from Worktop Express, refer to our guide: How to Order Bespoke Solid Wood Tops in Six Simple Steps. 1/2 < T < 3/4. Your company has new fans here." r = radius of fillet; t = bar thickness; F = applied force (tensile or compressive) Cannot display plot -- browser is out of date. Excel App. p: power applied to pinion
milling, hobbing, shaving, grinding, casting, etc., however, it is always better to forge gear teeth and finish machine the surface profile after heat treatment, as this procedure significantly increases strength and reliability (design life) over fully machined or cast gear teeth. σᴾ: maximum bending stress in tooth
αᴾ: angular rotation of 'Rᴾ' from centreline of tooth to centre of 'rᴾ'
Øₒᴳ: outside diameter of tooth
As can be seen in Fig 3, mating gears of different diameters should have different profiles according to the appropriate involute curve for the diameter of the gear wheel concerned. 3) The lower the surface hardness of the gear-teeth, the less likelihood they will crack and/or chip due to brittle fracture, It is normal to apply a utilisation of 0.8 to the surface hardness requirement. no expected error, the ‘x,y’ co-ordinates for the pinion and gear may result errors of zero to around 0.001" and are therefore provided for drawing purposes only. 6. Calculate chamfer / radius / taper moves on a lathe. The following is the Spandrel or Fillet Surface Area. Øᴳ: pitch diameter of tooth
carbon steel (see 'Material Selection' below). t: maximum circumferential tooth thickness (immediately above root radius)
Bearing stress will always look high in theoretical calculations, but if it appears to exceed minimum yield strength for the material, this will not mean component failure, simply that the material will flatten locally until the contact area is sufficiently increased to bring the bearing stress down to yield. Contact Info. The maximum stress is calculated as σ max = K t σ nom, where K t is the stress concentration factor as determined from the plot below, and σ nom is calculated as: Cannot display plot -- browser is out of date. wᴾ: circumferential width of land on top of tooth
SAE 4360: Nickel based, medium carbon steel alloy (high strength)
rᴾ: profile radius of tooth (involute curve)
Engineering News 3 Minimum Length. (12 mm) or greater.
