He had to go back because there was a possibility of opposition at home at that time. 3. He seems to have been naturally disposed to mildness and clemency and though it is impossible to acquire sovereign power and perhaps, in Asia, to maintain it, without crimes; yet the memory of no eastern prince is stained with fewer acts of cruelty and injustice. C (2001) Afghanistan: A History of Conflict p. 12, for a detailed account of the battle fought see Chapter VI of, Said Hyder Akbar/Susan Burton: Come Back to Afghanistan, Trying to Rebuild a Country with My Father, My [...], Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, Turkification and Islamification at the hands of invading Turkic Muslims, https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750, "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen? Munir-ud-Daulah and Najib-ud-Daulah promised to pay a tribute of Rs. It was under these circumstances that the Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January, 1761 between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali. "Wine, meat, and women" and "a parting gift" were forcibly extracted from the Uighurs daily by the Dzungars who went to physically gather the taxes from the Uighur Muslims, and if they dissatisfied with what they received, they would rape women, and loot and steal property and livestock. Muḥammad Zamān Khān shuda māya-dār [citation needed] His refusal to continue his campaigns deeper into India prevented a clash with the East India Company and allowed them to continue to acquire power and influence after they took complete control of the former Mughal province of Bengal in 1793. However, Durrani was told that the Shah had been killed by one of his wives. Zulfiqar was made Governor of Mazandaran while Durrani remained working as Nader Shah's personal attendant. Only 8 years later, in 1747, he was killed by his own soldiers. [31] Nader Shah recruited him because of his "impressive personality and valour" also because of his "loyalty to the Persian monarch". Durrani's victory over the Marathas influenced the history of the subcontinent and, in particular, British policy in the region. The Sacred Cloak is kept locked away, taken out only at times of great crisis but the mausoleum is open and there is a constant line of men leaving their sandals at the door and shuffling through to marvel at the surprisingly long marble tomb and touch the glass case containing Ahmad Shah's brass helmet. During the first Afghan invasion, however, Abdali's forces were defeated by the Mughals. However, after the Qing defeated the Dzungars, the Afaqi Khoja brothers Burhan-ud-din and Khan Khoja reneged on the deal with the Qing, declared independence and revolted against the Qing. [29], Durrani proved himself in Nader Shah's service and was promoted from a personal attendant (yasāwal) to command the Abdali Regiment, a cavalry of four thousand soldiers and officers. In 1749, Ahmad Shah captured the area of Punjab around Lahore. Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (c. 1722 – 4 June 1772) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Khān Abdālī (احمد خان ابدالي), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Lahore and Sirhind were occupied but he was defeated by the Mughal Army near Sirhind and he was forced to withdraw. The Marathas had not a single friend or ally in the North on account of their previous treatment of the Rajputs, Jats and others. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. This appears to affirm that Aḥmad Shāh’s accession took place no later than mid-July..." The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. Both Vishwas Rao, the son of the Peshwa and Sadasiva Rao Bhau died fighting heroically. One of the generals of Nadir Shah. The exception was Ala Singh of Patiala, who sided with the Afghans and was actually being granted and coincidentally crowned the first Sikh Maharajah at the Sikh holy temple.[66]. Muḥammad Zamān Khān had become bountiful [48] Khoja Afaq collaborated with Galdan's Dzungars when the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin from 1678–1680 and set up the Afaqi Khojas as puppet client rulers. They went after the infamous Persian invader Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan to secure it from the Northern and Western flank. In the same year, the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans-Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the forces of the Durrani Empire[citation needed] Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Durrani and his forces turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh. He succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought northwest of India up to Peshawar under Maratha rule. Ahmad Shah Abdali or Ahmad Shah Durrani was an important General of Nadir Shah. Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. From the death of Nadir Shah in 1747 until the communist coup of April 1978, Afghanistan was governed by Pashtun rulers of the Abdali tribe. Having served him so loyally, the Abdalis wept at having failed their leader,[33] and headed back to Kandahar. Urdu Diary 689,922 views. However, the outbreak of cholera halted the Afghan Army. Before the end of 1759, the Punjab was once again brought under his control by Ahmad Shah Abdali. The mausoleum is covered in deep blue and white tiles behind a small grove of trees, one of which is said to cure toothache, and is a place of pilgrimage. The 5th Dalai Lama then called upon his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Zunghar Khanate to act on this invitation. The Turkic Muslims then proceeded to conquer the Turkic Buddhists in Islamic holy wars and converted them to Islam. He occupied the throne of Afghanistan in 1747 after the assassination of Nadir Shah. The carnage and destruction that visited these sacred towns beggars description. Kashgar and Yarkand were assaulted by 7,000 Khotan Uighurs under Sādiq, the son of Jahān Khoja. Muin Khan, Governor of the Punjab, resisted the advance of Abdali and asked for reinforcements. [14][17], Soon after accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself. They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated some Pashtun tribes and those of other Durrani lineages. The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. Durrani wrote a collection of odes in his native Pashto language. Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Jahan Khan to the Punjab but he was defeated. The Dzungars extracted 700 taels of gold, and also extracted cotton, copper, and cloth, from the six regions of Keriya, Kashgar, Khotan, Kucha, Yarkand, and Aksu as stated by Russian topographer Yakoff Filisoff. The name may have been suggested, as some claim, from a dream dreamt by Ahmad Shah, or as others claim, from the pearl earrings worn by the royal guard of Nadir Shah. Durrani died of his illness on 4 June 1772 in Maruf, Kandahar Province. What is noteworthy about early Durrānī-era sources such as the Tārīkh-i Aḥmad Shāhī and Shāhnāma-i Aḥmadī is that their authors repeatedly link Aḥmad to Herat and neglect to mention his birth in Multan". "Ahmad Shah Durrani". [39] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled large parts of India from their capital at Pune and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). She was imprisoned, caned and disgraced. [30], Popular history has it that the Shah could see the talent in his young commander. Nader Shah became the Persian ruler in 1730. They also captured Majha and Central Punjab. His own country had no resources at all, compared with the vast wealth of India. On their way back to Kandahar, the Abdalis had "unanimously accepted" Durrani as their new leader. When after the conquest of Qandhar, Nadir Shah decided to settle all his Abdali Subjects there, the relatives of Ahmad Shah Abdali also settled there. As he did not get any help, he agreed to pay Rs. They only success of their army was their entry into Delhi because Ahmad Shah Abdali was campaigning in the Doab. The Turkic Muslim sedentary people of the Tarim Basin of Altishahr were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate while the nomadic Buddhist Dzungar Oirats in Dzungaria ruled over the Dzungar Khanate. The Seventh invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali took place in March 1767. Nadir Shah's invasion did a irreparable damage to the Mughal empire. He rushed to Doab. The Dzungar Khanate then conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler. The Qing and Amin Khoja and his sons worked together to defeat the Dzungars under Amursana.[60]. 4. Mughlani Begum was not give Kashmir or Jullunder Doab which had been promised to her. He undertook those invasions mainly with a view to establish Afghan Supremacy over India. This chapter studies the Afghan invasion, which was led by Ahmed Shah Abdali. In short, they formed a formidable force of young Pashtun soldiers who were loyal to their high-ranking leader. [32], Nader Shah's rule abruptly ended in June 1747 when he was assassinated by his own guards. The early skirmishes ended in victory for the Afghans against the Maratha garrisons in northwest India. Durrani sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. In 1947, Ahmad Shah then began his career as head of the Abdali tribe by capturing Ghazni from the Ghilzai Pashtuns, and then wresting Kabul from the local r… In few years, not a trace of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s conquest was left on this side of the Indus. [37] Following the recapture of Mashhad in 1754, Durrani visited the eighth Imam's sepulchre and ordered repairs to be made. Professor James A. Millward described the original Uyghurs as physically Mongoloid, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original eastern Iranian inhabitants. The Mughal Rulers completely neglected the roads passes etc., on the border. Durrani's forefathers were Sadozais but his mother was from the Alakozai tribe. [56], When the Dzungars levied the traditional nomadic Alban poll tax upon the Muslims of Altishahr, the Muslims viewed it as the payment of jizyah (a tax traditionally taken from non-Muslims by Muslim conquerors). After Dur… They did not employ any intelligence to keep the court informed about the developments on the border. After that, there was chaos and confusion in the Punjab. The end of … All the articles you read in this site are contributed by users like you, with a single vision to liberate knowledge. Ahmad Shah Abdali had appointed Mir Mannu as his Agent and Governor of the Punjab. [...] "he succumbed to his illness on 2 Rabīʿ I 1186/4 June 1772". the “lifeless” land of Herat. He was the founder of the Durrani monarchy, rose from the mere character of a partisan, to a distinguished command in the service of the Persian conqueror; Nadir Shah. C. Collin-Davies (1999). [1] Assisted by a council of nine advisers from various Afghan tribes,[16] Ahmad Shah pushed east towards the Mughal and Maratha Empires of India, west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Iran, and north towards the Khanate of Bukhara of Turkestan. The Marathas received a severe blow but within ten years they were back in the North, acting as the guardians of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam whom they escorted from Allahabad to Delhi in 1771. [49][50][51][52] The Dalai Lama blessed Galdan's conquest of the Tarim Basin and Turfan Basin. He and his successors were pestered by rebellions at home. As soon as he reached Lahore, Mir Munim ran away to Delhi. He established his own dynasty, the Sadozai, which was the name of the Pashtun khel to which he belonged to. I forget the throne of Delhi He stayed in India only for about a fortnight. Mughal provinces were surrendered to the Persians. He had declared that he was Nadir Shah's successor, thus giving him the right to conquer India. [71][72], ستا په لاره کـــې بايلــــــــي ځلمي سرونه, تاته راشمــــه زړګــــی زمــــا فـــارغ شي, ze ma ba heera na shi da sta shekeli baghona, I will not forget it your beautiful gardens, Ze mah de khekely or shekele Pakhtunkhwa de ghru saronah, During Nader Shah's invasion of India in 1739, Abdali also accompanied him and stayed some days in the Red Fort of Delhi. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. "[13], Although Ahmad Shah appointed his fellow Durrani (Abdali) clansmen for most senior military posts, his army was otherwise ethnically diverse with soldiers also from various other ethnic and tribal groups, including non-Durrani Pashtun tribes like the Ghilji, and non-Pashtun groups such as Qizilbash, Hazaras, Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Baloch. The film Panipat, has Ahmad Shah Durrani being played by Bollywood actor; Sanjay Dutt. ", "Yes, Uyghurs are a new hybrid population", "Afghanistan 1747–1809: Sources in the India Office Records", Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan, "A Profile of Afghanistan – Ahmad Shah Durrani (Pashto Poet)", http://www.payamewatan.com/literature/ahmadshah-baba.htm, Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia, An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy, History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878, Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan, archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf 66 MB, List of educational institutions in Peshawar, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Shah_Durrani&oldid=991583896, Articles with dead external links from February 2014, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed: A Concise History of Afghanistan, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 20:37. 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